Diferenças entre os sexos nas disciplinas de natação: As mulheres poderão superar os homens na natação?

Beat  Knechtle; Athanasios A Dalamitros; Tiago M Barbosa; Caio Victor  Sousa; Thomas Rosemann; Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis

Autores

Beat Knechtle Medbase St. Gallen, Switzerland / Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Athanasios A Dalamitros Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Tiago M Barbosa Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore / Research Centre in Sports, Health and Human Development, Portugal / Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Portugal
Caio Victor Sousa Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
Thomas Rosemann Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Switzerland
Pantelis Theo Nikolaidis Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece / School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece

Palavras-chave:

Diferença De Gênero, Disparidade Sexual, Desempenho, Natação, águas abertas

Resumo

Nos últimos anos, o interesse pela dominância feminina na natação de longa distância cresceu, onde vários artigos de periódicos foram publicados especulando sobre o desempenho e a prevalência feminina — especialmente na natação de ultradistância em águas abertas. O objetivo desta revisão narrativa é examinar a literatura científica sobre a diferença entre os sexos para todos os nados (ou seja, borboleta, costas, peito, estilo livre e medley individual), diferentes distâncias (ou seja, de sprint a ultradistâncias), condições extremas (por exemplo, água fria), diferentes idades e natação integrada em disciplinas multiesportivas, como o triatlo, em várias faixas etárias e ao longo dos anos civis. A influência de vários aspectos fisiológicos, psicológicos, antropométricos e biomecânicos para potencialmente explicar a dominância feminina também foi discutida. As bases de dados Scopus e PUBMED foram pesquisadas até abril de 2020 para os termos 'sex–difference–swimming'. Nadadores de longa distância em águas abertas e nadadores de piscina de diferentes idades e níveis de desempenho foram investigados principalmente. Em eventos de natação de longa distância em águas abertas da "Tríplice Coroa da Natação em Águas Abertas", com o "Catalina Channel Swim", o "English Channel Swim" e o "Manhattan Island Marathon Swim", as mulheres foram cerca de 0,06 km/h mais rápidas que os homens. Em nadadores master (ou seja, faixas etárias de 25- 29 a 90-94 anos) competindo no Campeonato Mundial da FINA (Federação Internacional de Natação) em piscina nos nados livre, costas, borboleta, peito, medley individual e na natação em águas abertas de 3.000 m, as nadadoras master pareciam capazes de alcançar desempenhos semelhantes aos dos homens nas faixas etárias mais avançadas (ou seja, acima de 75 a 80 anos). Em meninos e meninas de 5 a 18 anos — e listados entre os 100 melhores desempenhos de todos os tempos em natação estilo livre nos EUA, de 50 m a 1.500 m — as cinco meninas mais rápidas foram mais velozes do que os cinco meninos mais rápidos até a idade de ~10 anos. Após os 10 anos e até os 17 anos, no entanto, os meninos foram cada vez mais rápidos do que as meninas. Portanto, as mulheres tenderam a diminuir as diferenças sexuais existentes em faixas etárias específicas (ou seja, menores de 10 anos e maiores de 75 a 80 anos) e em nados em piscinas, ou até mesmo a superar os homens em provas de natação de longa distância em águas abertas (distância de ~30 km), especialmente em condições climáticas extremas (água mais fria que ~20 °C). Duas variáveis principais identificaram as condições em que as mulheres nadaram mais rápido do que os homens em provas de natação em águas abertas: (i) a longa distância de cerca de 30 km, (ii) e a água mais fria que ~20 °C. Estudos futuros podem investigar mais detalhadamente (por exemplo, antropometria) as faixas etárias muito jovens (<10 anos) e muito velhas (>75-80 anos) na natação.

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Artigo adaptado e traduzido para o português pelos editores de NADAR! SWIMMING MAGAZINE para republicação, conforme normas de submissão do periódico. Versão original em: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/10/3651. LICENÇA ORIGINAL E DA ADAPTAÇÃO: Attribution 4.0 International CC BY 4.0. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.